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Rosa Rodriguez Per 1  ** Abolition Reform Movement **



  **//Summary of the Abolition Reform Movement //** The Abolition movement of the 1800s had an objective to end slavery invoking the principles of liberty and equality set forth in the Declaration of Independence. The objectives distinguished abolitionists from the political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that took place in the north; this raised issues leading to the Civil War. During the 1750s, abolition was not a main priority, for not even the church discouraged slavery. The movement initially began in the colonial days in the United States. Organizations and individual people, which are the abolitionists, rose to fight slavery and were quite influential. The movement slowly went throughout the Northern states. However, the overall slave population climbed from 1.5 million in 1820 to over 2 million a decade later. By the beginning of the 19th century, protests against slavery had become universal. 

**//Cause/ Impetus //** O ne of the main causes of the Abolition Movement was that the principles of [|The Declaration of Independence] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> were not taken into account in the country. It was stated that “all men are created equal” and it was certainly not being portrayed in that manner. It was more like “all men are created equal, except the negroes”. Even though the North did not have the slavery issue like the South, they did not believe the blacks to be equal to the whites in any way. More and more discrimination occurred in society. Slaves were treated cruelly being even beat to death. Slavery got to the point that 1 in 7 people were property of another person. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another motivation for abolition was the very strong religious objections to slavery. The Quakers, or the Society of Friends, was the main group who fought slavery religiously. The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was actually the organization formed by them on April 14, 1775. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">William Lloyd Garrison also had a huge role in the rise of the abolition movement. For example, he was one of the founders of the <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|American Anti-Slavery Society] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> of 1833. He also wrote// The Liberator, //a militant abolitionist newspaper that was the country’s first publication to demand an immediate end to slavery. He believed that black slaves deserved the same rights as that of the Whites. With the help of his works, over 200 antislavery societies were created within 4 years. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Many social issues arose as well. Slavery encouraged sexual immorality and undermined the institutions of marriage and the family. It was not uncommon for slave masters to sexually abuse and exploit slave women. In some southern states, such as Virginia and Maryland, slave owners would actually breed slaves for sale to the more recently settled parts of the Deep South. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Abolitionists also felt that planters hindered improvements in crop and soil management. Since slaves only worked through fear, their efforts weren’t sufficient to economically benefit planters. Slavery was almost unreasonable and unethical for the abolitionists. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[[image:USAantislavery.jpg link="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAantislavery.jpg"]]  ||
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society 1851  ||

**//<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;">Goal of the movement //**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The most general goal of the movement was the emancipation for all slaves in the U.S. and to end the segregation and discrimination of African Americans. However, the movement did also want to achieve alternate objectives. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">As far as the American Anti-Slavery Society, their goals were to bring all slaves immediate freedom without compensation for their owners. Of course, they also wanted the blacks to have the same rights as the Whites. The Society would join the church to show how slavery depicts the immorality of society and goes against Christ. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">

**//<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;">Tactics/ Strategies //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The abolitionists had many difficult obstacles that caused them to come up with the most powerful tactics. The abolitionists would initially stage protests against segregated churches, schools, and public transportation. Later on, in states such as New York and Pennsylvania, some free blacks launched petitions for equal voting rights. Northern blacks also had a major role in the “Underground Railroad”. The Underground Railroad provided escape routes for southern slaves through the northern states into Canada. Some of the most effective tactics were forming antislavery societies, ending legal importing of slaves, the newspaper, especially [|//The Liberator//]//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">, //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and the states north of Maryland would pass laws that would end slavery. The abolitionists neglected to have violent tactics because they believed in more moderate strategies. The efforts of the abolitionists were so successful that by 1860 nearly all political abolitionists supported the election of Abraham Lincoln as a means of battling slavery. A final tactic was that Abolitionists felt that if they were to educate Blacks, then Whites would not feel as though African Americans were entirely inferior to them. Prior to this, there were already riots occurring by the Whites in reaction to the movement itself, but even more riots occurred after the blacks’ education. The Whites were scared that educated Blacks might end up stealing their jobs and ruining their economy. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> **//<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;">Successes/ Failures //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Although the abolition movement endured hardships, it did have successes. Firstly, the antislavery societies formed encouraged more and more blacks to stand up for themselves and fight slavery. The societies grew to thousands and thousands of people. Literature successes must also be taken into account. Harriet Beecher Stowe published <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|Uncle Tom's Cabin] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> which discussed the cruel nature of slavery in this country. William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper //The Liberato//r spread the idea of an immediate end to slavery. The <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Underground Railroad also helped slaves escape north to Canada. In 1863, President Lincoln released The Emancipation Proclamation declaring the freedom of slaves within the bounds of the Confederacy. Finally, the continuing movement led to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865, which banned involuntary servitude throughout the country. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Apart from their successes, the abolition movement had its failures. It was believed that moving black Americans to Africa was more of an attempt to rid America of its free blacks than actually freeing them. Overtime, there was increasing black opposition. By the late 1830s, the American Anti-Slavery Society also faced internal division. The result was the fracturing of it. Riots merged by the White men in reaction to all the petitions formed by the abolitionists. Finally, White abolitionist John Brown led a ‘biracial band’ to Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, hoping to spark a slave rebellion. However his efforts ultimately failed. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;"> **//<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;">Key figures/People //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[[image:http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/images/edu_spot_pic3.jpg]]  ||
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">An Anti-Slavery newspaper  ||
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[[image:http://americancivilwar.com/pictures/underground_railroad.jpg width="444" height="263"]]  ||
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Slaves escaping using the Underground Railroad  ||

__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">William Lloyd Garrison __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">: founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He believed that blacks were equal to whites and incorporated these ideas in his newspaper //The Liberator//. This newspaper was the first published work that called for an immediate end to slavery. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Frederick Douglass __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">: being born a slave, he knew what life was like and traveled telling people about the harsh lifestyles of slaves. He wrote ﻿about his slave days in his autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Soujourner Truth __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">: as one of the most important speakers, Truth fought for rights for all women slaves. Her famous speech “Ain't I a Woman” became one of the most known speeches in our history. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Harriet Tubman __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">: Tubman ran away from her slave owner and was one of the prominent conductors of the Underground Railroad. She would risk her life and freedom by going back to the slave states to help other slaves escape. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> **//<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt;">Key Events //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">*The Continental Congress (who) suspends the slave trade (what) between states (where) on April 6, 1776 (when) to limit the trade (why) by passing through the congressman (why). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">* <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|The Underground Railroad] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (what) is conducted by leader abolitionists such as Harriet Tubman (who) from 1780-1862 (when) to help black slaves escape north to Canada (why and where) by means of escaping and following the route (how). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*The Continental Congress (who) prohibits slavery (what) in the Northwest territory (where) in 1787 (when) to call for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states (why) by passing the Land Ordinance of 1784 (how). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*The American Colonization Society is founded (what) and established in Washington (where) by Paul Cuffee (who) in 1816 (when) to resettle free blacks in Africa (why). He did this by gaining support from free black leaders and members of the US Congress for an emigration plan (how). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*The Missouri Compromise led by congress (who and how) prohibits slavery in the northern half of the Louisiana Purchase (what and where) in 1820 (when) to regulate slavery in the western territories (why). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*William Lloyd Garrison (who) starts writing his newspaper //The Liberator// (what) on January 1, 1831 (when) in Boston (where) to promote the ideals of an immediate end to slavery (why) through his moving words in the newspaper (how). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*William Lloyd Garrison (who) finds the American Anti-Slavery Society (what) in New York City (where) in 1833 (when) to fight against slavery and work to emancipate slaves (why) through work of petitioning (how). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*Harriet Beecher Stowe (who) publishes (how) __Uncle Tom’s Cabin__ (what) on 1852 (when) to be sold all throughout the country (where) to spread the cruel nature of slavery (why). <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[[image:http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/tubmandrivingtrain.jpg width="387" height="252"]]  ||
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 4.25pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 2.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Actual slaves involved with the Underground Railroad  ||

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Primary Sources //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Name: "Outrage" Author: Handbill Rare Book and Special Collections Division Date of Document: February 2, 1837 <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * This handbill urges the people who oppose abolitionists to hold an anti-slavery meeting. It demonstrates the depth of pro-slavery feeling. Even though it says "by peaceable means", violence would often result. As mentioned before, these oppositions that would lead to riots were one of the failures of the movement. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Name: "The Slave's Friend" Author: American Anti-Slavery Society Date of Document: 1794 <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * This pamphlet consists of abolitionist poems, tales, and songs mainly for children. Its effect was that these children were later encouraged to collect money for anti-slavery cause. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Name: "Fugitive African Americans Fording the Rappahannock River" Author: Timothy O'Sullivan Date of Document: Aug. 1862 <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">
 * This image portrays actual escaping slaves crossing waters in Rappahannock, Virginia. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography/ Works Cited/ References //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"American Anti-Slavery Society." __Encyclopedia Britannica__. 2010. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 08 Dec. 2010. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">< <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">

"The African-American Mosaic: A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Black History and Culture". //Library of Congress.// 2010. Library of Congress. Web. 23 Jul. 2010 < <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">>

"Pre-Civil War Reform: Anti-Slavery Timeline." //Our Online American History Textbook//. 2010. Digital History. Web. 08 Dec. 2010 < <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">>

"Abolitionist Movement." //CreativeCommons//. 2010. Stewart James Brewer. Web. 09 Dec. 2010 < <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">>

"American Anti-Slavery and Civil Rights Timeline." //Independence Hall Association.// 1942. ushistory.org 4 Jul. 1995. < <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nash, Jeffrey, Howe, Frederick, Davis, Winkler, et al.,eds. “The American People- Creating a Nation and a Society” 2004. pages 427-433. Print. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: teal; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">